Special features of high-density technical ceramic technology. Activity of oxide powders upon sintering

Possible ways of increasing the energy of oxide powders during sintering and ways of their activation are considered. This is achieved in the following cases. The first is an increase in temperature, i.e., the supply of thermal energy. The second is an increase in internal energy during mechanical grinding due to the energy of the surface and its defects. The third is an increase in the internal energy in chemical production methods under substantially nonequilibrium conditions due to the surface energy and surface and volume defects. Fourth, an increase in the internal energy upon the introduction of additives due to the energy of lattice deformation upon the introduction of foreign ions in general, since there are no two ions of the same size, and the energy of lattice defects upon the introduction of heterovalent ions. Bibliography: 22 titles.