The aim of this work was to optimize gel-based 3D printing technology for biocompatible ce-ramic implants based on an agar-agar–gelatin–brushite composition by applying the Linear Advance function – a pressure correction algorithm in the extruder that responds to changes in printing speed. Bio-inks were prepared by homogeneous mixing of 2 wt. % agar-agar, 10 wt. % gelatin, and 30 wt. % synthesized brushite; printing was performed on a modified gel 3D printer running Marlin 2.0 firmware with an adaptive Linear Advance algorithm. Samples were printed with K-factor values ranging from 0 to 1.0 at a base speed of 14 mm/s and an extruder temperature of 30 °C; quality was assessed by optical microscopy, SEM, X-ray com-puted tomography, and compression testing. It was found that at K = 0, sagging occurs at corners due to the inertia of viscous hydrogel extrusion, while at K > 0.5…0.6, over-extrusion arises from excessive pressure compensation. The optimal K-factor range was 0.3…0.4, at which complete defect elimination, uniform wall thickness, and geometric accuracy of the model were achieved while preserving the microarchitecture and phase composition of the biomaterial. The compressive strength of samples containing 20 wt. % brushite reached 9.92 MPa, which is more than twice the value for the unfilled matrix.
Egor M. Generalov – research engineer, Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Alexander Yu. Fedotov – PhD (Engineering), senior researcher, Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Alexei A. Egorov – PhD (Engineering), researcher, Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Vladimir S. Komlev – DSc (Engineering), Corresponding Member of RAS, Professor of RAS, director, Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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